Globalization, economic crises and opportunities, civil wars, and epidemics have all contributed to an increase in the number of people leaving their country of origin and moving somewhere else. In this essay, I explore within the framework of the push and pull model three key factors that account for international migration: unemployment, the demand for a certain profession and the level of salary. I then briefly examine why migration provokes a negative reaction in many places.
Push and Pull Model
Different kinds of migration factors operate on each territory. The influence of factors that cause motivation for migratory behavior (the desire to migrate) is ambiguous. Motivation for migration is generated not only by the objective conditions of the social environment of the migrant's native country, but also by the perception of social reality by potential migrants . Retaining, attracting and pushing reasons for the arrival and departure of people operate on each territory. However, the native environment can push migrants, specifically affecting them. The pushing characteristics of the environment are usually economic or social (unemployment, low demand of certain professions).
At the same time, the environment of a recipient country can pull the working population by the factors that increase the motivation (high salary, income) . Intermediate factors influence migration processes simultaneously with push and pull causes. Intermediate factors increase with increasing distance between territories and can act as restrictors of migration flows (cost of movement). However, a potential migrant makes a decision to migrate if the combination of push and pull factors is strong enough to justify the difficulties that would be experienced during the move . Thus, this model describes the influence of the environment on possible migrants in both countries with the help of different factorial tools.
Key Factors
The aforementioned tools include push, pull, and intermediate factors. For example, unemployment in a native country can push people to seek a more developed labor market; a low level of income and high taxes push individuals to find high earnings. Such social and political characteristics of the environment as poverty, discrimination, wars or adverse natural and climatic conditions also push population to migrate . At the same time, the high level of economic development in the host country is attractive due to the high level of material wealth, higher incomes and security, which pull migrants. The opportunity to gain access to the labor market motivates a migrant to improve his socio-economic position, strengthens his desire to realize his creative potential. Intermediate factors in this case include transportation costs, legal regulation of transfers, availability of information about the expected arrival region, etc. .
These groups can be illustrated by two specific examples. An educated, talented person with a narrow IT specialization can be attracted by a large demand for such a profession in the labor market in the country-recipient. For example, even the current salary in his home country in IT services is not able to compete with payment for such kind of job in the US. This representative of the profession can be pulled and significantly stimulated by the level of payment. Although he could find work in his native country, pull factors of demand and wages are more important for him. High mobility will be characteristic of such a highly qualified specialist because migration means moving up along both the career ladder and the income level. At the same time, unemployment can significantly affect the less educated worker, pushing him to another country. Thus, demand, wages and unemployment can differently stimulate individuals to migration.
Negative Reactions
Both of the above-described specialists in particular and global migration in general are the cause of a number of negative reactions of indigenous people. First, such reactions derive from economic reasons: the reduced number of jobs in the country-recipient and the level of salaries . Low-educated citizens do not agree to work on low-paid jobs in the lower professional hierarchy, creating a steady demand for immigrants. Wages here are lower than for indigenous people, but higher than in the donor country. For example, in the case of the arrival of such a worker, it will create competition for local residents, since he will agree to work for less payment. The local residents will lose their jobs, which will create negative reaction. Moreover, they will lose the difference in payment between his and their salary, as the tariff will inevitably decrease with time. Similar trends create a negative reaction of the indigenous population against all skill levels. Well-educated citizens and qualified foreigners (IT specialist) pretend to be highly paid in the upper hierarchy of professional distribution and concentration of wealth. However, such kinds of migrants also significantly reduce the payment for indigenous people and claim for their jobs.
Moreover, negative reactions to migration can also be explained by social tension or a combination of social causes. The growth of illegal migration increases due to tourists, students and workers, who have expired the term of the visa or labor contract. They evade leaving the country, thus creating a low social standard of living, population fluidity, conflict social interaction . In such a way, economic and social reasons explain the majority of negative reactions in the process of global migration.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I have relied on the push and pull model to explain why there has been an increase in international migration. Also, I have briefly reflected on the negative reaction that migration has provoked in some places. I conclude by elaborating on two key things that I have learnt in writing this essay. First, push and pull factors influence migrants differently, depending on their qualifications and level of education. However, both types of factors illustrate the relevance of the model for understanding the causes of migration. Second, migration creates a negative reaction of the indigenous population due to economic and social reasons, and the problem becomes urgent. This article was written by Jon Jones. My works you can see at this site https://primeessay.org/us-government-essay-topics.html and i think that help you!
